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Biomolecules-Carbohydrates | UK-Sir-Notes | Biomolecule-1

September 20, 2021 , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Carbohydrates   (Biomolecules)


Biomolecules


Want to Know about Cell cycle- Mitosis- Meiosis:

 Want to Know about Nucleus, chromatin :

https://uksirnotes.blogspot.com/2021/08/Eukaryotic-Nucleus-chromatin-uksir.html

Want to Know about Chromosome, type of chromosome:



The molecules present and react in side Biological system, may be called as Bio molecules. (E.g.- Carbohydrates, Proteins , Lipids, Enzymes, Nucleic acids, Hormones, Vitamins etc. )                                  


CARBOHYDRATES:

Ø  A group of organic compound containing C,H,O in the ratio of 1:2:1 (CH2O)n   

or

Ø  Poly hydroxy Aldehyde or ketone or their derivatives or the substances which yield these on hydrolysis.

Ø  Commonly called as Saccharides.

Ø  On the basis of Sugar number and arrangements: it is of following types..

 

1:  Mono saccharides 

2:  Oligo saccharides

3:  Poly saccharides

 

1Mono saccharides : 

Ø  Common name sugar 

Ø  Simple, Basic Unit, Building Units, Smallest Components, can't hydrolized further. 

Ø  Sweet testing , Crystalline 

Ø  May be Aldose sugar ( Aldehyde group -CH0 ) or Ketose ( keto group   -C = 0 ) 

Ø  May contain asymmetric Carbon ( 4 different group in 4 arm ) 

Ø  for which it show isomers. 

Ø  a- structural Isomer ( Same molecular formula but with dif. arrangement ) 

Ø  b- Sterio Isomers ( Geometrical - Cis- trans form, Optical - mirror image ) 

Types: 

  1. Triose (3 C) :  (C3H603 ) -          Glyceral dehyde , Di hydroxy acetone 
  2. Tetrose (4 C ) : (C4 H 8 O4 ) -    Erythrose , Threose 
  3. Pentose ( 5 C) : ( C5H10O5) -    Ribose, Xylose , Arabinose , Ribulose etc. ( Deoxyribose - exception) 
  4. Hexose (6 C) : (C6 H 12 06 ) -    (Fruit Sugar)  Glucose, Fructose, Galactose etc. 
  5. Heptose (7 C ) : (C 7 H14 O7 ) -  Sedoheptulose , Glucoheptose 

 

Structure: 

Ring form:                                                               Chain form:   

Glucose


Ø  α  form- if –OH at lower side of 1st carbon

Ø  β  form – if –OH at upper side of 1st carbon

Ø  reducing sugar : if Aldo/Keto- group are free

Ø  non reducing sugar: if Aldo /keto group bounded

Ø  D form/ Dextro rotatory(+): if it bent polarized light to Right side (most common)

Ø  L form/ Laevo rotatory (-): if it bent polarized light to Left Side

Derived Mono Saccharides:

Ø  De-oxy Sugar- in Nucleic Acids

deoxy-ribose-sugar
deoxy-ribose-sugar


Ø  Amino Sugar- with an amino group (Glucosamine of chitin)

Ø  Sugar Acid- Ascorbic Acid

Ø  Sugar Alcohol – Glycerol

2) Oligo Saccharide:

Ø  Few sugar molecule (normally 2-9 mono saccharides)

Ø  Also called compound carbohydrates

TYPES: (on basis of Sugar Number)

Di saccharide (2 sugar molecule)

Tri saccharide (3 sugar molecule)

Tetra saccharide .. etc.

Di Saccharides:

a)      Sucrose:

Ø  Table sugar or Cane Sugar or Beet Sugar

Ø  Commonly found in all fruits

Ø  Non reducing in nature

Ø  α- glucose + β- fructose

Ø  α  1→2 Glycosidic Bond

Structure

Sucrose
Sucrose

a)      Maltose/Malt Sugar:

Ø  Found In Germinating seed like Barley

Ø  Reducing in Nature

Ø  Glucose + Glucose

Ø α  1→4 Glycosidic Bond 

Maltose
Maltose


a)      Lactose/ Milk Sugar:

Ø  Present in Mammal milk

Ø  Reducing in Nature

Ø  β  Galactose + α  Glucose

Ø  β  1→ 4 Glycosidic bond

Lactose
Lactose


Tri saccharide:

              Ex- Raffinose ,( Reducing in Nature, α Galactose + α glucose + β Fructose  )

 

Raffinose
Raffinose

Name

Sweetening Index

Lactose

16

Maltose

32

Sucrose

100

Fructose (Sweetest -natural)

170

Saccharin

~ 40,000

Monellin

~ 2,00,000

 

3.Poly Saccharides:

Ø  Also called as Glycans

Ø  Formed by polymorphism of large no of monosaccharide monomers. (more then 10)

Ø  Normally long chain- Right end called reducing and left end called non reducing end

Ø  May be branched or unbranched

Ø  Amorphous, non-sugar, tasteless, insoluble in water

May be of 2 type (composition)

a.      Homo poly Saccharide: only one type of monosaccharide present (Glucan, Fructan…etc)

b.      Hetero poly Saccharide: condensation of 2 or more monosaccharide or their derivatives (Agar, Peptidoglycon etc)

Pepidoglycon NAG NAM


Types (Basis Function)

A) Storage Poly Saccharide   

       B) Structural Polysaccharide  

       C) Muco poly saccharide


A)  STORAGE POLY SACCHARIDE:

They act as reserve food in body

 

1) Starch :

Ø  Main reserve food in plant

Ø  In cereals, legumes, potato, other vegetables

Ø  Contain 2 components

 

 

a) Amylose (15-30%)                                                                            

Ø 
Unbranched polymer of α Glucose

Ø  200-1000 units may present

Ø  α  D Glucose found as units

Ø  α 1→ 4 glycosidic linkage found

Ø  more soluble in water

 

Amylose

b) Amylopectin (70-80%)

Ø  just like amylose but branched

Ø  it contain more no of glucose units

Ø  Branching after 25 residues occurs

Ø  Branching contain α 1→ 6 bonding

Ø  Number of Glucose molecule 2000-2 lakhs

 

Structure:

Amylopectin
Amylopectin


 

2) Glycogen

 

Ø  Main food reserve component in Animal.

Ø  Also called Animal Starch

Ø  Found inside liver and muscle

Ø  Chemically similar to amylopectin

Ø  Glucose residues Highly branched brush like chain

Ø  Bonding α  1→ 4 and α  1→ 6 at branches

Ø  10 to 14 glucose units- Branching

Ø  Around 30,000 units found

Structure:

Glycogen
Glycogen


 

 

B) STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDES:

They form structure.

Important structures are discussed below:

 

1)      Chitin (fungal cellulose)

Ø  Second most abundant organic substance.

Ø  It’s a complex of carbohydrate or homo polymer.

Ø  Mostly form the fungus cell wall.

Ø  Basic unit is one nitrogen containing glucose derivatives.

Ø  β  1→ 4 Glycosidic linkage found, but the monomers are 180 degree arranged.

Structure:

Chitin


2)      Cellulose:

Ø  It is the most abundant organic molecule

Ø  Fibrous homo polysaccharide form cell wall of plants.

Ø  Unbranched linear chain of glucose residues.

Ø  May contain up to 6000 units

Ø  Jointed by β  1→4 Glycosidic linkage (1800 turn)

Structure:

Cellulose


Importance:

Ø  Part of human food

Ø  Main food of ruminants like cow, buffaloes etc.

Ø  Soluble sugars can be obtained by using microbes

Ø  Form top quality wood for furniture

Ø  Used in textile, thread industry etc.

Ø  Also used in Cream, cosmetics and medicine industries.

 

C) Muco Substances:

Ø  They form mucilage, mucus or slime layer

Ø  Contain Galactose, Mannose, Sugar derivatives- Uronic acid.

Ø  Common in both plants and animals. e.g- Lady’s finger..

Pectin:

Ø  Also called pectic compound, acidic poly saccharide.  

Ø  Galacturonic acid, Galactose, methylated Galacturonic acid and arabinose

Ø  Present in matrix of cell wall and middle lamella

Ø  Used in Jelly and jam making

Hemi Cellulose:

Ø  Mixture of poly saccharide- Xylans, Mannans, Galactans etc.

Ø  Present in cell wall

Ø  Form link between Pectic compound and cellulose micro fibrils.

Function of Carbohydrate/ Saccharides

 

Ø  Act as substrate and intermediate of Respiration process.

Ø  Act as CO2 receptor in photosynthesis

Ø  Act as Storage of food

Ø  Gives energy on hydrolysis

Ø  Forms various structures like-cell wall

Ø  Form lubricants, body fluids etc

Ø  Heparin- prevent Blood clotting inside body.


Want to Know about Cell cycle- Mitosis- Meiosis:

 Want to Know about Nucleus, chromatin :

https://uksirnotes.blogspot.com/2021/08/Eukaryotic-Nucleus-chromatin-uksir.html

Want to Know about Chromosome, type of chromosome:


That's all about Cell cycle-Mitosis and Meiosis. Feel free to ask doubts in comment section.. UKsir

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