Mitochondria-Plastid-Chloroplast | Notes-by-UK-Sir | Cell-Bio-10
CELL (Mitochondria-Plastid-Chloroplast)
 |
| Plant Cell |
Want to Know about Lysosome and Cytoskeleton:
https://uksirnotes.blogspot.com/2021/07/Lysosome-cytoskeleton-uksirnotes.html
Mitochondria
•
It
is the Power house of cell.
•
Present
in aerobic eukaryotes.
•
Related
to respiration and production of energy.
•
Observed
by Kolliker in 1880, and Coined by Benda (1897)
•
The
Number differ from cell to cell.
•
May
be 1 in unicellular eukaryote.
•
May
be up to 2000 in Liver cell, up to 5 lakhs in Birds muscle cell.
•
Cylindrical
or tubular shape, thread like structure.
•
Length
1.0- 4.1 μm
and diameter 0.2-1.0 μm .
•
Contain-
Protein 60-70 %, Lipids 25-35%, RNA 5-7%, DNA , Minerals, etc
Ultra Structure
 |
| Mitochondria |
•
Mitochondria
is having a Double membrane system.
•
Thickness
of the membrane is 60-75 A0
•
Outer
membrane is - smooth and semi permeable, few lipid synthesis enzymes may
present.
•
But
Inner membrane is-highly selective.
•
Rich
in double-phospholipid - cardiolipin , For which impermeable to ions.
•
Protein
content high- 70-75%.
•
Inner
membrane in folded to form involutions or projections – cristae.
•
Shape
of cristae may be tubular (Plants), plate like (animals) or vesicle like
(Euglena).
•
The
Inner membrane contains number of – Elementary particle / F0-F1 particle / Oxysomes
/ ATPase molecule.
 |
| Cristae |
•
Number
vary from - 1×104 to 105
•
Looks
like a tennis racket - with head, stalk and base.
•
Base
is F0 Unit- of size 11×1.5nm.
Act as rotor or motor.
•
Stalk
is 5nm long.
•
Head
(F1 Unit) - 8.5nm diameter included in ATP synthesis.
•
When
H+ pass through, the F0-F1 particle produce ATP.
Outer Chamber/ space:
•
Between
Outer and inner membrane a chamber or Inter membrane space present.
•
Also
called Peri mitochondrial space.
•
It
is 60-100 A0 wide.
•
It
is having Fluid with few enzymes.
•
Sometime
Outer and inner membrane come in contact – adhesion site.
•
It
is Meant for transport.
Inner
Chamber
•
Present
at Central part of mitochondria.
•
Contain
semi fluid matrix.
•
Matrix
have – Protein, Ribosome , RNA, mitochondrial DNA, Enzymes of Krebs/ TCA cycle (except
dehydrogenase of membrane), A.A, FA, Crystal of Calcium phosphate and
Manganese.
•
Ribosomes-
70s in nature.
Semi-Autonomous Cell organelle:
•
These
are believed to be symbionts –by Margulis 1971.
•
It’s
a semi-autonomous cell organelle.
•
It
is with Own DNA ,with self-replication property.
•
Can
Produce mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.
•
It
is with its Own Ribosome system.
•
Can
produce structural protein, enzymes.
•
Can
grow internally and divide by Binary fission.
•
But
it is dependent on the cell for survival.
Function:
•
It
is Power House of cell- form ATP.
•
The
Matrix-help in synthesis of F.A.
•
Involved
in Synthesis of A.A.
•
Store
and release calcium when necessary.
•
Provide
intermediates for synthesis of chlorophyll, cytochrome, pyrimidine, steroids, alkaloids
etc.
•
It
show Maternal inheritance.
Plastids
•
The
term was given by E. Haeckel in 1866.
•
These
are Semiautonomous cell organelle store and synthesize various organic
compounds.(food material)
•
Present
only in plants.
•
Develop
from colorless- pro-plastids.
•
These
are of 3 types:
•
Leucoplast,
Chromoplast, Chloroplast
 |
| Types |
Leucoplast
•
Colorless
plastids, present in non green parts of plants.
•
Phtotosynthetic
pigments are absent as grana absent.
•
Shape
may be rounded, oval, cylindrical, fillamentous etc.
•
May
be – Amyloplast (store starch)
•
Elaioplasts/
lipidoplast /Oleoplast (store Lipid)
•
Aleuroplast/
Proteoplasts/ Proteinoplast (Store Protein)
Chromoplast:
•
Colorful
plastids (Yellow or reddish due to presence of carotenoids)
•
Chlorophyll
absent here.
•
Develop
from Chloroplast or Leucoplast.
•
Lamellae
degenerate during formation of chromoplast.
•
During
ripening of fruit – choromoplast formation from chloroplast.
•
Orange
colour of carrot- due to carotene of chromoplast.
•
Provide
colour to flower, fruit, also help membrane lipid synthesis.
Chloroplast :
•
It
is green plastid with photosynthetic pigments.
•
Here
synthesis of food occur from inorganic material with the help of radiation
energy from sun.
•
Chloroplast
other than green color- found in algae.
•
Rhodoplast-
red algae, phaeoplast - Brown algae.
•
Number
of chloroplast- 1 to many.
•
In
leaf chlorenchyma - 20-40 but may be
several hundreds- in Chara.
Shape-
•
Various
shape- Plate like -Ulothrix, cup shaped- Chlamydomonas, ribbon
shape- Spirogyra, Polygonal or stellate- Zygnema, Reticulate- Oedogonium
•
Higher
plants- disc shape, oval or circular out line, rarely- lens shape, rounded, or club
shaped.
•
Size
Variable, in Higher plants- 4-10 μm / 2-4μm .
•
In
spirogyra algae - 1mm .
ULTRA
STRUCTURE
 |
| Chloroplast |
•
In
the chloroplast , 3 parts present-
1. Envelope
2. Matrix/ Stroma
3. Thylakoids
•
Pyrenoid
and Stigma may present.
Chloroplast Envelope
 |
| Chloroplast |
•
It
contain Double smooth membrane envelope.
•
Membrane
is 90- 100 A0 thick.
•
An
Inter membrane space present – 100-200 Ao
•
Outer
membrane attached to the ER.
•
Outer
membrane is more permeable.
•
Inner
membrane connected to Thylakoid.
•
Inner
membrane is with more carrier proteins.
Matrix/Stroma
•
The
ground substance is called as matrix or stroma.
•
The
Semifluid colloid stroma contain- Soluble protein 50%, cp DNA, RNA, ribosomes,
enzymes, minerals, ions etc.
•
Fully
functional circular double stranded DNA present.
•
Ribosome-
70s type.
•
Photosynthetic
pigments are abundant.
•
May
contain Lipid droplet (Plasto globuli) -100-500nm.
•
Some
time starch grain, pyrenoid present.
Thylakoid
•
Internal
membrane - runs throughout the matrix.
•
Thylakoids
are Sac like flattened tubes or channels.
•
These
are the structural elements which take part in photo synthesis, called photo
synthetic thylakoid.
•
In
Higher plants – thylakoid stacked together to form Grana and 40- 60 grana present
in a single chloroplast.
•
1
Granum has 2-100 grana thylakoid.
•
Agranal
structure- algae and bundle sheath cell.
•
Thylakoid
is of two type - Grana Thylakoid and stroma thylakoid (Integral thylakoid).
•
Thylakoid
membrane contain- pigments, coupling factors (proteins for ATP synthesis).
•
Pigments
- Chlorophyll a, Chl-b, Carotene and xanthophyll.
•
All
these pigments form a group or Photo system or quantosome (I And II)
•
PS
I –present at stroma thylakoid
•
PS
II- present at appressed part of grana
Semi Autonomous Organelle:
•
Contain
Own DNA.
•
DNA
perform Replication and transcription.
•
It
has its Own RNA.
•
It
can perform own protein production.
•
It
has its Own enzyme system.
•
New
chloroplast arise from the pre-existing one or from proplastid.
•
But
it can’t survive with out cell.
Function
•
Perform
Photosynthesis.
•
Radiation
energy transduction or storage.
•
Carbon
dioxide Recycle or Consumption.
•
Production
of reducing power- reduction of nitrate and form A.A.
•
It
is involved in Oxygen production.
•
Storage
of starch.
•
Synthesis
of F.A.
•
Storage
of Lipid – in the form of plastoglobuli.
•
Help
in Photo sensitivity- in algae.
•
Formation
of Chromoplasts- in flower and fruits.
Difference between Mitochondria and Chloroplast:
 |
| Difference-Mitochondria-chloroplast |
Want to Know about Lysosome and Cytoskeleton:
https://uksirnotes.blogspot.com/2021/07/Lysosome-cytoskeleton-uksirnotes.html
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