Kingdom-Plantae-Algae-Spirogyra | uksir-notes | Diversity-Living-World5
Diversity in Living World 6
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| Plant |
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Kingdom - PLANTAE:
- Contain Eukaryotic multicellular organisms.
- Almost all are photosynthetic.
Alternation of Generation:
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| Alternation-generation |
Important Characters:
- Plants are mostly autotrophic (Chlorophyll containing)
- Few are heterotrophic.
- Have alternation of generation (sporophytic and gametophytic)
- Few have short life time where as few are having long, with indefinite growth
- Cell having cellulose cell wall, vacuole and plastid.
- Reproduction by vegetative, asexual and sexual methods.
- Multi cellular embryo develops from zygote.
- In higher plants seed may develop.
Classification:
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| plant-classification |
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| Origin |
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| Character |
ALGAE
· Belongs to thallophyta group.
· Plant body not differentiated in to root stem and leaf.
· MOP Iyengar = father of indian Phycology.
· Aquatic Autotrophic plants, may be fresh water or marine.
· Plant body may be Unicellular, colonial, filamentous etc.
· Eukaryotic cell with cellulose cell wall.
Pigments – Chlorophylls, Carotenoids, Phycobillins etc.
· Reserve food- Starch, Floridean starch (Red algae), Laminarin and manitol (Brown algae)
· Reproduction- Vegetative, asexual and sexual method.
· Vegetative- Fragmentation, budding, akinetes etc
· Asexual – Sporultion (Zoospore, Aplanospore, Hypnospore etc)
Sexual Reproduction- Isogamy, anisogamy and Oogamy.
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| Algae-classification |
Economic Importance:
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Fish Culture- Some fishes such as Tilapia mossambica feed on certain types of algae. Growing those
varieties of algae has successfully facilitated fish culture in India.
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Treatment of Sewage- helps in the rapid decomposition of
sewage.
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As Food - Algae are rich in nutrients such as
minerals, proteins, essential vitamins A, B, C, E, etc.
Ex-
in Japan, a food item called ‘kombu’ is made from laminaria algae
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Cattle Fodder- Algae species like Laminaria saccharina, Pelvetia, Ascophyllum, etc. are also useful
as fodder for cattle.
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Natural Soil Fertilizers- It is
used as a bio-fertilizer for crops since it can improve the nitrogen content of
the soil. Blue-green algae or cyanobacteria are commonly used for Nitrogen
fixation.
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Reclaiming Alkaline: Blue-Green Algae helps in the reduction of a high
concentration of alkalinity in the soil.
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Binding Agent: Algae act as binding agents against natural processes such
as erosion.
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Biological indicator: Algae are very sensitive. If there is a slight change in the
environment their pigments changes or might get died. Water pollution is
checked with the help of Algae like Euglena and Chlorella.
- Medicinal Purposes- Algae varieties like sargassum and Laminariales
were used to treat conditions like goiter and glandular complications in many
eastern countries.
Agar- which was used as a laxative to treat stomach
disorders is extracted from some red algae called Agarphytes, Gelidium, Pterocladia, Gracilaria etc. Agar also used in culture medium.
Spirogyra:
Systematic Position:
King- Plantae
Div- Algae
Cl- Chlorophyceae
Ord- Conjugales
Fam- Zygnemataceae
Gen- Spirogyra
· General Character:
Freshwater filamentous green algae.
· Green silk like structure.
Thallus- filamentous, Multi cellular and unbranched.
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| spirogyra1 |
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| spirogyra |
· Mucilage around the thallus.
· Cell wall compose of cellulose.
· Protoplast contain Ribon shape coiled chloroplast.(1- 16 no)
· Many Pyrenoids found.
· Single nucleus found.
· Reproduction by –
vegetative, asexual and sexual reproduction.
· Vegetative by- Fragmentation.
· Asexual reproduction- Aplanospore, Hypnospore, akinetes etc.
Sexual reproduction- by conjugation |
| Spirogyra-reproduction |
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| Spirogyra-reproduction |
CHLAMYDOMONAS:
Systematic Position:
King- Plantae
Div- Algae
ClS- Chlorophyceae
Ord- Volvocales
Fam- Chlamydomonaceae
Gen- Chlamydomonas
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| chlamydomonas |
General Character:
Unicellular,
Eukaryotic, Freshwater Green Algae· Motile, commonly found in pond, ditches etc.
· Shape may be – Ovoid/spherical/ellipsoidal.
· Cup Shaped single chloroplast
· Single pyrenoid – protein surrounded by Starch
· Anterior end – 2 flagella (acronematic/ whiplash type)
· Pair of contractile vacuole – for osmoregulation
· Neuromotor apparatus- for moment (paradesmose and rhizoplast)
· Stigma / eyespot – Photosensitive
· Contain carotenoids- Orange / red colour
.jpeg "chlamydomonas1") |
| chlamydomonas1 |
Reproduction:
· Occurs by Two methods (1. Asexual 2.Sexual)
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Asexual Method:
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Zoospore:during Favorable condition 2 to
4 zoospore formed (By Longitudinal division)
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Aplanospore: whole cell develop to non
motileaplnospore.
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| chlamydomonas-reproduction |
spores remain as such and wall become gelatinized. Looks like Palmella. During favorable condition they germinate to zoospore
· Sexual reproduction: Mostly occurs during unfavorable conditions.
· It may be- Isogamous, anisogamous or Oogamous type.
· Zygote (2n ) produced for short time period.
· Zygote undergoes meiosis to form normal cell.
Life cycle is Haplontic type. |
| chlamydomonas-reproduction1 |
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