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Diversity in Living World 2

 

Classification
Classification

Want to know about Taxonomy- Nomenclature, Click the Link below:

Want to know about Ultra structure of Eukaryotic cell, Click the Link below:


Biological  classification:


- Classification is the scientific procedure of arrangement of living organisms into groups.

-   It is done on the basis of their similarities and dissimilarities, and placing the
groups in a hierarchy of categories.

-   The first work on classification was done by Linnaeus (father of taxonomy).

-   He classified living organisms into two kingdoms, i.e. Plantae and Animalia.

Two kingdom classification

-   It was given by Carolus Linnaeus (1758).

-   All organisms of the world were divided in to two kingdoms, i.e. Plantae (autotrophic organisms) and Animalia (includes heterotrophic organisms).

-   Some organisms like Euglena, slime moulds etc. (share characteristics of both plants and animals.)Not placed in proper position.

Three kingdom classification

-   Ernst Haeckel (1866)introducedthird kingdom.

-    Named this third kingdom asProtista.

-   The kingdom-Protista includes all single-celledeukaryotes.

Four kingdom classification

-   It was given by Copeland (1956).

-   All organisms are divided into the following four kingdoms
(i) Monera- having prokaryotic organisms.
(ii) Protista - having true nucleate (Eukaryotic) unicellular organisms.
(iii) Plantae-  having photosynthetic and multicellular organisms.
(iv)Animalia- having non-photosynthetic and multicellular

Five kingdom classification

-   RH Whittaker (1969) introduced five kingdoms.

Basis was:

-   complexity of cell structures (prokaryote or eukaryote),

-   complexity of body structure (unicellular or multicellular),

-   mode of obtaining nutrition (autotrophic or heterotrophic),

Ecological life style (producers, consumers or decomposers) and phylogenetic relationships.

5-Kingdom-Classification
5 Kingdom Classification



-   The five kingdoms are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

-   The new kingdom-Fungi Includes thalloid plants ranging from microscopic yeast to large mushrooms.


Six kingdom classification

-   The most recent classification

-   proposed by  Carl Woese et al in 1990.

-   the six kingdoms are Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

6-Kingdom-classification
6-Kingdom-classification

-   kingdom- Archae bacteria contains halo bacteria, thermo acidophiles and methanogens.

-   kingdom- Eubacteria contains true bacterial prokaryotes.

Three domain System

-   introduced by Carl Woese et al. in 1990

-   divided cellular life forms into archaeabacteria, and eukaryote domains.

Arise from a common ancestor (LUCA = Last Universal Common Ancestor)

3-domain-of-life

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Want to know about Taxonomy- Nomenclature, Click the Link below:

Want to know about Ultra structure of Eukaryotic cell, Click the Link below:


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